Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insufficient insulin production (Type 1, common in dogs) or insulin resistance (Type 2, common in cats). Without adequate insulin action, cells cannot utilize glucose, leading to metabolic derangements affecting multiple organ systems.
Symptoms & Signs
- Increased thirst (polydipsia)
- Increased urination (polyuria)
- Weight loss despite good appetite
- Increased appetite (polyphagia)
- Lethargy
- Cloudy eyes (cataracts in dogs)
- Plantigrade stance in cats (walking on hocks)
- Sweet-smelling breath (ketoacidosis)
Causes & Risk Factors
Dogs: primarily immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells (Type 1). Cats: insulin resistance combined with amyloid deposition in islets (Type 2). Risk factors include obesity, pancreatitis, Cushing's disease, certain medications (corticosteroids), and genetic predisposition.
Diagnosis
Persistent fasting hyperglycemia (>200 mg/dL) combined with glucosuria. Fructosamine levels reflect 2-3 week glucose average. Complete workup includes CBC, chemistry panel, urinalysis, and pancreatic lipase to identify concurrent conditions.
Treatment
Dogs: insulin therapy (typically twice daily), consistent diet and exercise routine, regular glucose monitoring. Cats: insulin therapy, high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet, weight management. Some cats achieve remission with early aggressive treatment.
Prevention
Maintain healthy body weight. Regular exercise. Avoid prolonged corticosteroid use. Early treatment of predisposing conditions (pancreatitis, Cushing's). Spaying intact female dogs (progesterone antagonizes insulin).
Prognosis
Well-regulated diabetic pets can live normal lifespans. Dogs require lifelong insulin. 30-40% of diabetic cats achieve remission with early treatment. Complications include cataracts (dogs), neuropathy (cats), and diabetic ketoacidosis.
Affected Breeds (5)
| Breed | Species | Size |
|---|---|---|
| Burmese | Cat | Medium |
| Campbell's Dwarf Hamster | Small Mammal | Tiny |
| Chinese Hamster | Small Mammal | Tiny |
| Dwarf Winter White Hamster | Small Mammal | Tiny |
| Syrian Hamster | Small Mammal | Tiny |